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This volume comprises the KBSP TOOLBOX, which will help you answer key adaptation questions and co-develop solutions.

The Knowledge Broker Support Program (KBSP) collates tools, processes and case studies to help know;edge brokers mainstream climate change and future uncertainly into their programs. The KBSP toolbox is useful for NGOs, government and private sector individuals who are involved in decision-making at the community level.

Climate finance has always been a issues at the UN climate negotiations. The support to developing countries for mitigation (eg promoting renewable energy or low carbon transport) and adaptation (eg making the agricultural and water sector climate resilient to physical climate impacts) is key to building and maintaining trust.

Tropical cyclones (TCs) as a natural hazard pose a major threat and risk to the human population globally. This threat is expected to increase in a warming climate as the frequency of severe TCs in expected to increase.

The climate, land, energy and water systems (CLEWs) approach guides the development of integrated assessments. The approach includes an analytical component that can be performed using a simple accounting methods, soft-linking tools, incorporating cross-systems considerations in sectoral models, or using one modelling tool to represent CLEW systems.

Piecing together the history carbon (C) perturbation events throughout Earth's history has provided key insights into how the Earth system responds to abrupt warming.

For the Pacific islands, communtiy-based adaptation activities are crucial and yet it remains uncertain whether they are effectively promoting long-term adaptive capacity.

Coral reef ecosystems are seriously threatened by changing conditions in the ocean. Although many factors are implicated, climate change has emerged as a dominant and rapidly growing threat.

This proposal has been prepared by the Ocean and Islands Programme (OIP) within the Pacific Islands Applied Geoscience Commission (SOPAC) in collaboration with the National Institute of Water and Atmospheric Research (NIWA). It has been prepared in response to an invitation1 from the Secretariat of the Pacific Regional Environment Programme (SPREP) to assist the Cook Islands in deriving coastal related information to underpin and inform climate change adaptation decisions for coastal areas of Mangaia Island.