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Fiji's current development plan emphasises proper management of the environment and sustainable use of natural resources as critical for sustainable development. The plan lists key national environmental issues as land degradation, air and water pollution, refuse disposal, and the expected effects of climate change and sea level rise. Planned actions include better enforcement of legislation, increased public awareness of environmental issues legislation to minimise environmental damage. Energy-related objectives to be addressed by 2005 include a strategy 011 climate change, the reduction of vehicle emissions by 50%. identification of feasible bio fuels to replace petroleum, a ban on adulterated fuels, and environmental audits for all public organisations.

The climate is maritime equatorial with temperatures changing little over the years. Daytime averages are in the thirties and night time averages in the twenties. Rainfall varies from north to south with the Phoenix group in the south particularly dry with only around 800mm per year while the northernmost islands receive as much as 3000 mm/year. All of Kiribati, but especially the Line Islands, are affected by the El Nino/El Nina cycle (ENSO) and suffer cyclic droughts. Winds are moderate, seasonal and variable. Cyclones are not a problem in Kiribati with extended droughts the primary natural hazard. Rainwater is the main source of potable water with brackish atoll lens water often used for washing. South Tarawa provides piped water sourced from the atoll fresh water lens and appears to be near the limit that can be pumped from the lens without salt water encroachment. Kiribati is a signatory to most treaties and conventions relating to environmental protection and has a special interest in climate change prevention since even a modest rise in sea level endangers the low lying atoll islands.

The 607 islands of the Federated States of Micronesia, north-northeast of Papua New Guinea, extend east to west and north to south over 1500 miles and 600 miles respectively. The land area is 271 square miles with an exclusive economic zone exceeding one million sq. mi. distributed over the four states of Yap, Chuuk. Pohnpei and Kosrae. The islands vary geologically from high and mountainous to low coral atolls. Strong northeast trade winds prevail from December through April and periods of weaker winds occur from May to November. Rainfall is extremely high on the volcanic islands (Kosrae. Pohnpei and Chuuk) sometimes exceeding 400 inches per year. Storms and typhoons are generally more severe in the west.

As is the norm for atolls, the soil is low in fertility and only a narrow range of food plants can be supported. The sea is the primary source of local food. The climate is tropical to equatorial. Tuvalu has had tropical cyclones to cause serious damage but their passage is not common though storm surges, winds and heavy rain can be damaging to the low lying islands even if a cyclone does not actually go through Tuvalu. Rainfall averages 3500 mm per year with April - November lower than the rest of the year. Droughts do occur and maintaining a fresh water supply on densely populated Funafuti is increasingly a problem. The primary source is rainwater but in recent years a 65,000 1/d desalinator is also in use. Some pumping from wells is possible but water is brackish and wells can easily be over pumped and cause an incursion of salt water.

This report is the outcome of a series of studies conducted under the framework of the Pacific Islands Renewable Energy Project (PIREP) – a climate change mitigation partnership of the Global Environment Facility (GEF), the United Nations Development Programme (UNDP), the Secretariat of the Pacific Regional Environmental Programme (SPREP) and Pacific Islands Countries (PICs).

The Republic of Vanuatu, formerly the New Hebrides, is located about three- quarters from Hawaii to Australia, centred near 16° degrees south latitude and 167 0 east longitude. Vanuatu is mostly mountainous, of volcanic origin with narrow coastal plains. About 41% of all land is cultivable with 14% utilised. Total land area is 12,200 km2 with 65 islands populated of 80 total. It is hot and wet from November through April, and cooler and drier from May - October. In the capital Port Vila, the average temperature is 26°C" and the annual rainfall 2300 mm. Namral hazards include tropical cyclones, volcanism and occasional tsunamis.

This report is an outcome of a series of studies conducted under the framework of the Pacific Islands Renewable Energy Project (PIREP) – a climate change mitigation partnership of the Global Environment Facility (GEF), the United Nations Development Programme (UNDP), the Secretariat of the Pacific Regional Environmental Programme (SPREP) and Pacific Islands countries (PICs)

This report is an outcome of a series of studies conducted under the framework of the Pacific Islands Renewable Energy Project (PIREP) – a climate change mitigation partnership of the Global Environment Facility (GEF), the United Nations Development Programme (UNDP), the Secretariat of the Pacific Regional Environmental Programme (SPREP) and Pacific Island Countries (PICs).

This Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) Special Report provides information for policymakers,scientists and engineers in the field of climate change and reduction of CO2emissions. It describes sources,capture, transport, and storage of CO2. It also discusses the costs, economic potential, and societal issues of the technology, including public perception and regulatory aspects. Storage options evaluated include geological storage, ocean storage, and mineral carbonation. Notably, the report places CO2capture and storage in the context of other climate change mitigation options, such as fuel switch, energy efficiency, renewables and nuclear energy. This report shows that the potential of CO2capture and storage is considerable, and the costs for mitigating climate change can be decreased compared to strategies where only other climate change mitigation options a reconsidered. The importance of future capture and storage of CO2for mitigating climate change will depend on a number of factors, including financial incentives provided for deployment, and whether the risks of storage can be successfully managed. The volume includes a Summary for Policy makers approved by governments represented in the IPCC, and a Technical Summary.The IPCC Special Report on Carbon Dioxide Capture and Storage provides invaluable information for researchers in environmental science, geology, engineering and the oil and gas sector, policymakers in governments and environmental organizations, and scientists and engineers in industry.

As an outcome of the 1992 United Nations Conference on Environment and Development, the 1994 Barbados Conference on the Sustainable Development of Small Island Developing States not only recognized common environmental challenges facing SIDS, but also highlighted the meteorological, hydrological and oceanographic issues in many of these countries. The Barbados Programme of Action (BPoA), the principal output of the Conference, identified 14 issues and/or focal areas as urgent priorities. All these areas require inputs of varying degree from the National Meteorological and Hydrological Services (NMHSs) of SIDS and the global network of the NMHSs under the aegis of WMO.