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Economics of Harmful Invasive Species: A review

Gren, Ing-Marie

Marbuah, George

McKie, Brendan

The purpose of this study is to review theoretical and empirical findings in economics with respect to the challenging question of how to manage invasive species. The review revealed a relatively large body of literature on the assessment of damage costs of invasive species; single species and groups of species at different geographical scales. However, the estimated damage costs show large variation, from less than 1 million USD to costs corresponding to 12% of gross domestic product, depending on the methods employed, geographical scale, and scope with respect to inclusion of different species. Decisions regarding optimal management strategies, when to act in the invasion chain and which policy to choose, have received much less attention in earlier years, but have been subject to increasing research during the last decade. More difficult, but also more relevant policy issues have been raised, which concern the targeting in time and space of strategies under conditions of uncertainty. In particular, the weighting of costs and benefits from early detection and mitigation against the uncertain avoidance of damage with later control, when the precision in targeting species is typically greater is identified as a key challenge. The role of improved monitoring for detecting species and their spread and damage has been emphasized, but questions remain on how to achieve this in practice. This is in contrast to the relatively large body of literature on policies for mitigating dispersal by trade, which is regarded as one of the most important vectors for the spread of invasive species. On the other hand, the literature on how to mitigate established species, by control or adaptation, is much more scant. Studies evaluating causes for success or failure of policies against invasive in practice are in principal non-existing.

Solomon Islands 5th (Fifth) National Report on the Implementation of the Convention on the Biological Diversity

Climate Change Resilience, Biodiversity Conservation, BRB

Available Online

Ministry of Environment, Climate Change, Disaster Management & Meteorology (Solomon Islands)

The biodiversity of the Solomon Islands, in general, is in good health. Low human population density, uninhabited islands, difficulties to access and use natural resources, and customary and legal protection, in various ways, can help explain this. Threats to the countrys biodiversity are mainly localized and vary across islands, biomes, ecosystems, corridors and taxonomy. In recent years habitat destruction and overexploitation of wildlife has had enormous pressure on all types of biomes. Uncontrolled and poor waste management practices have also been considered a threat to biodiversity. Emerging issues such as invasive species and climate change could only exacerbate these pressures. Coupled with capacity constraints or inadequate capacity (financial, human resources, technological and institutional capacity) to implement mandates and enforce legislation, biodiversity loss thus results from multiple causes in quite a complex way.

Compile and Review Invasive Alien Species Information for the Cook Islands

Available Online

Pagad. S.

A Global Environment Facility (GEF) funded project is currently being implemented in the Cook Islands titled the Prevention, Control and Management of Invasive Alien Species in the Pacific Islands. This is a multicountry project and includes the Niue, Federated States of Micronesia, Kiribati, Marshall Islands, Papua New Guinea, Palau, Tonga, and Samoa. Activities within the framework of this project include the conservation of priority species and ecosystems and the management of Invasive Alien Species (IAS).

GEF PAS Invasive Species Community Consultation Program Report 5th-19th March, 2014

Available Online

Terrestrial Section, Division of Environment and Conservation

Education and awareness are important steps to ensuring the issue with invasive species is well understood and supported by the target communities which lead to the successful implementation of the project. Fostering of public support and participation in the management of invasive alien species in Samoa is one of the activities identified under this project. With financial support from the Global Environment Facility, the Ministry of Natural Resources and Environment through the Division of Environment and Conservation conducted a comprehensive community consultation program around Upolu and Savaii on the 5th 19th March, 2014. The program was divided into nine different consultations.

Available Online

Pacific Invasives Initiative (PII)

This summary of invasive species management activities undertaken by people and agencies that the Pacific Invasives Initiative (PII) works with its collated and circulated by the PII Team. Contributions are welcome.

Be On the LookOut (BOLO): Coconut Rhinoceros Beetle Oryctes rhinoceros (Linneaus, 1758) Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae

Available Online

USDA

Recent PPQ survey interceptions of the Coconut Rhinoceros Beetle (Oryctes rhinoceros) confirms that this serious pest of coconut palms is established in the Hickam AFB area. A joint PPQ HDOA effort has recently discovered a large compost heap at Mamala Bay golf course containing all stages of development. Native to southern Asia, this scarab has caused extensive damage to coconut palms on Guam since their discovery in 2009.

Palau National Invasive Species Committee Strategic Action Plan 2013 - 2017

Available Online

Republic of Palau

A workshop was held for members and partners of the Palau National Invasive Species Committee (NISC) from March 26-28, 2013, with the purpose of drafting a strategic action plan (SAP). Workshop participants initially carried out a review of the goals and objectives of the previous NISC action plan (2007-10). The goals were then revised, and a new goal, Goal 6, was adopted, to ensure that activities in the plan are adequately resourced. Objectives were drafted for this plan to define the role of the NISC as a coordination and facilitation body, and to provide activities for NISC member and partner agencies. Objectives were prioritized in terms of logical sequence of activities, urgency of need, and those which are clearly within the responsibility of the NISC and its partners; actions were identified for all the objectives. This plan was adopted by the NISC on May 24, 2013.

Feasibility Assessment for the Removal of Pacific Rats (Rattus exulans) from Late Island

Available Online

Bonham. J

Griffiths. R.

Late is an isolated and uninhabited island located about 55 km WSW of the island of Vava'u, in the Kingdom of Tonga. Late supports a tropical broad-leaf forest ecosystem, one of the most threatened ecosystem types in the world and one of the best remaining tracts of diverse native forest in Tonga. Owing to its relatively unmodified forest communities, Late is also a global stronghold for two IUCN listed species of bird, one native mammal, and six species of reptile.

Targeted Research to improve invasive species management: yellow crazy ant in Samoa

Available Online

Auina. S

Hoffmann. B

Stanley. M.C.

Lack of biological knowledge of invasive species is recognised as a major factor contributing to eradication failure. Management needs to be informed by a site-specific understanding of the invasion system. Here, we describe targeted research designed to inform the potential eradication of the invasive yellow crazy ant Anoplolepis gracilipes on Nu'utele island, Samoa. First, we assessed the ant's impacts on invertebrate biodiversity by comparing invertebrate communities between infested and uninfested sites. Second, we investigated whether an association existed between A. gracilipes and carbohydrate sources. Within the infested area there were few other ants large than A. gracilipes, as well as fewer spiders and crabs, indicating that A. gracilipes is indeed a significant conservation concern. The timing of male reproduction appears to be consistent with places elsewhere in the world, but queen reproduction was outside of the known reproductive period for this species in the region, indicating that the timing of treatment regimes used elsewhere are not appropriate for Samoa. Worker abundance and nest density were among the highest recorded in the world, being greater in May than in October. These abundance and nest density data from baselines for quantifying treatment efficacy and set sampling densities for post-treatment assessments. The number of plants and insects capable of providing a carbohydrate supply to ants were greatest where A. gracilipes was present, but it is not clear if this association is causal. Regardless, indirectly controlling ant abundance by controlling carbohydrate supply appears to be promising avenue for research. The type of targeted, site-specific research such as that described here should be an integral part of any eradication program for invasive species to design knowledge-based treatment protocols and determine assessment benchmarks to achieve eradication.

Invasive Species Consultation Report - Vaoala

Available Online

Divisions of Environment and Conservation - Ministry of Natural Resources and Environment

Invasive species is one of the greatest threats to Samoa's biodiversity, it damages habitat for native plants and animals, loss of subsistence resources, economic loss especially the health of people. Invasive species could be anything that is introduced to a certain area, thus cause negative impacts to the environment as a whole.

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